kingdom of islam in indonesia

Kingdoms ISLAM IN INDONESIA


1. Kingdom of Samudera Pasai

a. position

Samudera Pasai is the first kingdom in Indonesia to follow Islam. Geographically, the Kingdom of Samudera Pasai located in the east coast of northern Sumatra island close to the shipping line international trade at that time, namely the Malak.
With a very strategic position, the kingdom of Samudera Pasai developed into the kingdom of Islam that is quite strong at that time. This development was also supported with the results of the earth daei Kingdom Pasai Ocean such as pepper. On the other hand, drain-drain from the kingdom of Samudera Pasai also being link (transito duct) between the Islamic traders who came from the west with Islamic traders from the east.
Circumstances such as this is the result of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai experienced rapid growth that is quite at that time, both in political life, economic, social, and cultural.

b. Political life
The kingdom of Samudera Pasai can not be known with certainty. However, the experts found evidence of the successful development of the power of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai. Kings who once ruled the kingdom of Samudera Pasai among others.

Nazimuddin al-Kamil.

Founder of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai is Nazimuddin al-Kamil, a warlord from the sea of Egypt. In the year 1238 M, he got the job subduct Kambayat in Gujarat as a place of marketing goods trade from the east. Nazimuddin al-Kamil also founded a kingdom in northern Sumatra Island. Its main objectives are to be the result of trading spices and pepper.
Nazimuddin Kamil al-lay the foundations of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai with laws based on Islamic teachings. Under his reign, the kingdom of Samudera Pasai experiencing rapid growth is enough, even though the political kingdom of Samudera Pasai under the power of Majapahit.

Sultan Saleh Malikul.

After the successful defeat Fatimah Dynasty in Egypt (Syi'ah sekt), Dynasty Mamaluk (the flow Syafe'i) Ocean Pasai subduct want to be able to pepper the market in the eastern region. The sheik Ismail Mamaluk send a team up with angry Silu (the descendants of angry Pasai). They successfully seize kingdom of Samudera Pasai, Silu and Marah as the title of king Sultan Malikul Saleh (Saleh al-Malik).
Sultan Saleh Malikul of Samudera Pasai ruled from the year 1285-1297 M. Sultan follow the original flow was finally turned Syi'ah follow Syafe'i flow, such as Dynasty Mamaluk. Sutan Malikul Saleh marriage with Putri Sari weed strengthen position in the area of the east coast of Aceh, so that the kingdom of Samudera Pasai a center of trade in the Malacca.

Sultan Malikul Thahir.

After Malikul Saleh Sultan died, the throne in the kingdom of her son who switch titled Sultan Malikul Thahir (Malik Al-Thahir). During his (1297-1326), important events happened in the kingdom of Samudera Pasai time Malikul son Sultan Abdullah Saleh named Mansur. He returned to the stream that flows the Syiah.
When the kingdom of Malacca emerged and developed as a center of trade in the Malacca, the kingdom of Samudera Pasai regional trade as a somber start.
(Figure 1:27 Script Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai. One of the literary heritage of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai is Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai essay Hamzah Fansuri. Script made about 15 century by using the Malay language and closely related with the early arrival of Islam in the Nusantara .


2. Kingdom of Malacca

a. Position Kingdom

During the glory, Kingdom of Malacca is a center of trade and the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. Development of the kingdom of Malacca in the field of political, economic, social, and cultural can not be separated by positions and the strategic location in the shipping and trading activities at that time.

b. Political life

Iskandar Syah.

At the beginning of the 15 century, occurred in the civil war of Majapahit Kingdom. The war is known as the War Paregreg. In battle, the prince of a kingdom called Majapahit Paramisora accompanied the followers fled from the area to Blambangan Tumasik (Singapore).
Regional Tumasik considered less secure and less suitable to establish the kingdom. Area and become a breeding place of the pirate hideout. Therefore, Paramisora with his legion continue the journey to the north of Peninsular Malaya.
In the region, Paramisora build a kampong with the followers and assisted by the local farmers and fishermen. Colony was given the name Malak. Area of the new built development is experiencing a fairly rapid due to the strategic location, that is at the shipping line and the Malacca trade.
In world trade, developing Malacca as a link between the Western world with the Eastern world. The development of a very rapid Paramisora encourage it to build a kingdom called Malacca, and he immediately became king.
Trading activity in the Malacca at that time was dominated by Muslim traders. They only perform the activities of trade on trade Bandar-bandar Islam. To that end, decided Paramisora profess Islam. He change the name to Iskandar Syah and the Kingdom of Malacca as the kingdom of Islam. To maintain the security of the kingdom of Malacca, Iskandar Syah requesting assistance to the Chinese Emperor subdued him with the states (1405 M).
Iskandar Syah successfully placed the foundations of the kingdom of Malacca. He developed into the kingdom of Malacca in the Malacca important. He ruled Malacca from the year 1396-1414 M.

Muhammad Iskandar Syah.

After Iskandar Syah died, Malacca for the throne held by her son named Muhammad Iskandar Syah. He ruled Malacca from the year 1414-1224 M. Under his reign, expanded the powers of Malacca to reach the whole of Peninsular Malaya.
To promote economic, Muhammad Iskandar Syah trying to make the kingdom of Malacca as the sole ruler of sea trade routes in the kingdom of Malacca. To achieve the business, he must be the kingdom of Samudera Pasai. However, so, the kingdom of Samudera Pasai is not possible, given the forces of war Kingdom of Samudera Pasai far stronger than the kingdom of Malacca. Therefore, Muhammad Iskandar Syah choose the way through perkawainan political marriage with the daughter and the kingdom of Samudera Pasai.
by his marriage with daughter of Samudera Pasai king, Muhammad Iskandar Syah achieved the ideals of Malaka. Under his reign, shipping trade in the Malacca increasingly crowded and this is very big influence on the development of the kingdom of Malacca in trading activity.

Mudzafat Syah.

After successfully remove Mudzfat Syah Muhammad Iskandar Syah throne of the Kingdom of Malak, he immediately ascended the throne to become King of Malacca with the title sultan, so Mudzafat Syah is the first king of the Kingdom of Malacca which is a degree.
Mudzfat Syah Malakaa ruled from the year 1424-1458 M. During his reign, there was the Kingdom of Siam's attacks. Attacks carried out from land and sea. However, all attacks can be defeated. Success of the torpedo attack of the Kingdom of Siam is important to the Kingdom of Malacca in the Malacca. Even under the Mudzafat Syah pemertintahan Sultan, the kingdom of Malacca to hold the expansion areas in the vicinity of the kingdom of Malacca, Pahang, such as, Indragiri, and Kampar. After Mudzafat Syah Sultan dies, the kingdom of Malacca throne to her son inherited the title of Sultan Mansyur Syah.

Syah Sultan Mansyur.

Mansyur Syah ruled Malacca from the year 1458-1477 M. Under his reign, the kingdom of Malacca to progress very rapidly and even reach the glorious as a trade center and the center spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.
Experienced the triumph of the Kingdom of Malacca is a blessing this business Masyur Syah Sultan. With his father's political resume, which is expanding his territory, in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in the Central region, such as the Kampar defeated and that made the colony. Then Siam successfully mastered. In a battle of King Siam killed. The son thralled and taken to Malacca, and is integrated with the sultan of their own daughter and the king appointed him to the title. Recognize the power of next Indragiri Malacca.
Although the kingdom of Malacca look up good progress, but the kingdom of Samudera Pasai not being invade. Jambi and Palembang is protected by the Majapahit Kingdom, were forced to be respected by the Kingdom of Malacca. Bataks Kingdom, Aru (Haru) remain as independent kingdoms and establish good relations with the kingdom of Malacca.
During the government of Sultan Mansyur Syah, a warlord who live in the famous Sultan to help develop the kingdom. Warlord is named Hang Tuah. Hang Tuah most meritorious in the kingdom of Malacca. This information is obtained from a folklore that is known by the name of Hikayat Hang Tuah. Hang Tuah greatness often equated with greatness Patih Gajah mada of Majapahit Kingdom.

Sultan Alaudin Syah.

Mansyur Penggan Sultan is Sultan Alaudin Syah Syah. He ruled Malacca from 1477-1488 M and inherit the kingdom of Malacca which is quite knowledgeable. Economic development of the kingdom remained stable in the early period of his reign. However, because the Sultan Alaudin syah not as capable as Syah Sultan Mansyur (his father), the power of the kingdom of Malacca began experiencing decline. Areas that used by Mansyur Syah feudatory, one by one escape from the kingdom of Malacca. After he died the throne Kingdom of Malacca is replaced by the son of Sultan Mahmud Syah who called.
Sultan Mahmud Syah.
Sultan Mahmud Syah of Malacca ruled 14588 - 1511 Under his reign, the kingdom is the kingdom of Malacca is very weak. feudatory area includes a small part of Peninsula Malaya. This add collapse of Kingdom of Malacca. During the show feudatory, nation Portuguese expedition under the command of Alfonso d'Albuquerque tryng to seize the kingdom of Malacca. Finally, in the year 1511 the kingdom of Malacca fell into the hands of the Portuguese

still learning

2. Sources of entry of Islam in Indonesia

Entry and development of religion and the influence of Islam to Indonesian cultured strengthened with some of the history of news sources, either from abroad or in the country. Sources of news among as the following:

Arab News. This is known through the Arab traders who conduct activities in the field of trade with Indonesia. Arab traders came to Indonesia since the Sriwijaya Kingdom (century-7 M) of the shipping line-trafficking in the western part of Indonesia, including the Malacca at that time. Relations with the Arab traders established the Kingdom of Sriwijaya with the designation of the Arab traders to the Kingdom of Sriwijaya, namely Zabaq, Zabay or Sribusa.

News Europe. This news comes from Marco Polo. He is the first European set foot on the territory of Indonesia, when he returned from China to Europe via the sea. He got the task from the Chinese emperor to deliver the daughter to be the Roman emperor. In the way that he stay over in northern Sumatra. In this region, he has found the kingdom of Islam, yait as with Kingdom of Samudera Pasai capital.

India News. This said that the traders from Gujarat in India have an important role in the spread of Islamic religion and culture in Indonesia. Because in addition to trade, they actively teach religion and Islamic culture to every community that they saw, especially to the communities located in the coastal beach area.

News China. This work is known through the records of Ma-huan, an author of the travel warlord Cheng-Ho. Through his writings he states that since approximately 1400 years there have been Islamic merchant-trader who live in the north coast of Java.

Domestic source. there are sources of domestic growth which explains the influence of Islam in Indonesia.

First, the discovery of a stone inscribed in Leran (near Gresik). Fibrous stones that use letters and Arabic language, the writings have been partially damaged. Stone is a description of the death of a woman named Fatimah bint Ma'mun (1028).

Second, the tomb of Sultan Saleh Malikul in North Sumatra who died in the month Ramadan 676 H year or year 1297, M.

Third, the tomb sheik Ibrahim Malik Maulara Gresik who died in the year 1419, M. Tomb tomb brought from Gujarat and contains writings Arabia.

From the evidence and sources that can be ascertained that the influence of Islam has grown since the victory and the kingdom of Hindu influence in Indonesia, at a time until the development of Islam can replace the influence of Hinduism in Indonesia ..
(Figure 1:24 legacy of Islam. The Maulana Malik Ibrahim Gresik in East Java. The year is numbered 1419 M believed to come from Cambay, Gujarat (India). What can you take with a history fakat this?).



3. Channels Broadcasting Religion of Islam in Indonesia

Of the two holy cities of Islam, the Mecca and Medina, Islam extended to the centers of civilization that has long valley of the river before, namely Iraq, the Valley of Mesopotamia (Tigris River and eufrat), Israel in the Jordan valley, and Egypt in the Nile valley . In the areas of stone, the religion of Islam have new elements that do not deviate from the rules that have been determined. From the third region, Islam spread to India through trade.
Based on the origin and time, the spread of Islam from the Middle East to Indonesia can be distinguished on the three waves. First, from the regions of Mesopotamia at that time famous as a route north of Persia. Region of Persia, Islam spread from the east by road to Afghanistan, Pakistan and Gujarat, and through the Indonesian seas. From the path of Islam is to obtain new elements called mysticism, namely how to identify and approach to Allah SWT itself, in addition to setting the tomb is made very large and respected and the elements of Hindu (now in Pakistan). Through with these, the influence of Islam in the rapidly growing area in Indonesia. This is also due to the existence of elements that together with the life of Indonesian society. Region that is get the influence of Aceh.
Second, through the middle, that is from the west and the Jordan Valley in the eastern part of the Arabia Peninsula, especially Hadramaut facing directly to Indonesia. Peninsula region of Arabia, the spread of Islam to Indonesia, more pure, among the flow of Wahabi (the name of Abdul Wahab) hard in the famous religious broadcasting. Area that is feeling the impact of West Sumatra.
Third, through the seltan that originate in the area of Egypt. Cairo's city center, which is broadcasting the modern religion of Islam. Indonesia obtained mainly from the influence of religious organizations called Muhammadiya. Muhammadiyah is a movement back to the Al-Qur'an and Hadith and not tied to any one sect.
[Figure 1:25 The foreign merchants to come to Java. Java is known as a bustling trade center. Vendors foreign troop came to the island of Java, such as appear in the image profile of traders Hadramaut, Arabia (1850)].
Through these three channels, with time and conditions of different regions, the development of Islam in Indonesia, the more rapidly. In addition, the propagation process in different ways, ie through trade, marriage, politics, education, art, mysticism, so support the expansion of Islam's teachings.

ISLAM SPEAKING

Beginning of the first entrance islam in Indonesia


1. Opinions about the entry of Islam to Indonesia

The process of entry and the development of culture and the teachings of Islam to Indonesia raise some opinions. The figures revealed that in the opinion that there is direct them to know about the process of entry and spread culture and the teachings of Islam in Indonesia, but there are also many who started as a form of research undertaken by the West (Europe) to come to Indonesia because of the task or be by government in Indonesia (the Indonesian domination by Western nations).

Figures revealed that opinions about the existence of cultural and religious teachings of Islam in Indonesia, including:

Marco Polo (1292). In return trip from the land of China, Marco Polo visited the island of Sumatra. Port in the first visit called Ferlec (equated with Perlak). According to Marco Polo, Perlak many regions visited by Muslim traders. The existence of a trade that could change the Muslim confidence of the native to embrace the teachings of Islam. News from the Marco Polo is the oldest story that has developed in Indonesia, a group of Muslim population, especially in the cities that are located by the beach or on the edge of sea routes and trade at the time.

Mohammad Ghor. Mohammad Ghor is a figure who has conquered and spread of Islam in Gujarat (India). In the distribution of cultural and religious teachings of Islam to Indonesia, traders Gujarat has a very important role. Through the relationships woven between the Maharashtra traders with traders from Indonesia that is the cultural and religious teachings of Islam to develop Indonesia.

Ibn Batuta. has twice traveled to and from China (1345-1346). He found a kingdom of Islam. This is evidenced with the presence of the Sultan Syafi'i ceremony. Ibn Batuta also states that the areas around the country that the population not embrace Islam. Ibn Batuta also find an Islamic cemetery in the town of Ocean numbered year in 1421. The findings have the character of Islam is to eat, manandakan in the Ocean at that time Islam has grown.

Deigo Lopez de Sequeira. In the year 1509 Diego Lopez de Sequeira visited Pasai. He argued that the distribution of Pasai is the center of culture and the teachings of Islam's first and most important in Indonesia. Even Pasai this area of cultural and religious teachings of Islam and then to develop the various regions in Indonesia.

Sir Richard Winsted. Sir Richard said that Winsted Parameswara (the king of Malacca) was embrace Islam and change the name to Iskandar Syah. This is done because of Malacca has a very strategic position in shipping and trading activities through the Malacca. Even in the development of the next Malacca became the center of trade and the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.

Through some of these, note that cultural and religious teachings of Islam has grown in Indonesia. Begins with the emergence and development of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai as the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia. Pasai Ocean from this culture and the teachings of Islam to develop the whole of Indonesia. However, in addition to these figures, there are many figures that the entry and development of culture and the teachings of Islam to Indonesia.